![]() 9 The high cost can only be made affordable if a large number of chips are expected to be sold in a large market, such as smartphones, which would be far-future for quantum computers because they currently only work at very low temperatures. Advanced nano-size transistors require several lithography masks via numerous complicated manufacturing processes. Moreover, when qubit structures are far from the commercial base transistor architectures, a huge cost incurred in building the chips is unavoidable. ![]() ![]() Although these setups have succeeded in a few qubit systems, if these qubits are to be integrated in a chip, the number of complicated wires will become a significant problem (referred to as the “jungle of wires” problem the wiring problem was first raised in Ref. This is because the direct qubit–qubit interaction requires a small distance between the two qubits, and the measurement structures are separated from the qubit–qubit interaction parts. First, most of the previous qubit structures require approximately ten electrodes to define, control, and read out a qubit. However, it is questionable whether the qubit structures considered so far can be translated smoothly to mass production. In this respect, the qubits based on current complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) field-effect transistor structures 6,7 have become more important in handling the trend of miniaturization of transistors. 2–5 The benefits of semiconductor qubits enable us to use the accumulated knowledge and technologies of the miniaturization of semiconductor devices, the gate lengths of which are already less than 20 nm in commercial use. Recently, a number of significant developments have been achieved, greatly improving coherence time and fidelity. Scalability and affinity with conventional computers are the most important features of semiconductor spin qubits 1 when building a quantum circuit. ![]()
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